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Manali is colder than Shimla due to several climatic and geographical factors:

1. Altitude: Manali sits higher (2,050–2,500 m) than Shimla (2,200 m), and higher altitudes have thinner air that retains less heat.
   
   
2. Geographical Location: Manali is in Kullu Valley surrounded by Himalayan peaks, blocking warm air, while Shimla is on southern slopes receiving heat from plains.
   
   
3. Valley Effect: Cold air settles in valleys at night, making Manali mornings and nights much colder. Shimla’s hill ridges allow warmer air circulation.
   
   
4. Snowfall: Manali experiences heavier snowfall, reflecting sunlight and keeping temperatures low; Shimla has lighter snow that melts quickly.
   
   
5. Glaciers & Peaks: Nearby glaciers and high peaks in Manali bring cold winds, lowering temperatures further.
   
   
6. Air Pressure & Oxygen: Lower air pressure at higher altitudes reduces heat retention, making Manali feel chillier.