Argentina's rich winemaking heritage dates back to the early 16th century, putting it in an entirely different league than neighboring new world producers Chile and Brazil. Spanish settlers planted the first specimens of vitis vinifera in monastic vineyards throughout Argentina's central, western, and northeastern regions.
Soon an extensive agricultural irrigation system of ditches and canals modeled after those of the Incas drew water from melting Andes snow caps into reservoirs, utilized to this day by vineyards granted government-regulated water licenses. Water access is crucial since most vineyards grow in semi-arid conditions with rainfall rarely exceeding ten inches per year.
Irrigation methods evolved over time starting with the centuries-old tradition of periodically flooding vineyards, which along with the high altitude and low humidity likely prevented phylloxera. Argentina had 5,000 acres of vineyards by 1873, while just several decades later, capacity mushroomed to 519,800 acres. This sudden growth was largely fueled by sweet, low-quality, high-yield pink-skin Cereza, Criolla Chica and Criolla Grande table wine well into the 1970's, until soft drinks and beer thwarted its market share, spurring demand for better quality wine.
Since the 1990's, Argentina's wine scene has continually blossomed with fine Malbecs, the rediscovery of native Torrontes grapes, and growing totally unexpected varietals like Reisling and Pinot Grigio by pushing into ever higher elevations achieving crisper, more refined and aromatic tasting experiences. Cuyo and Patagonia are the top two regions to begin exploring Argentina's latest winemaking treasures.
Cuyo
This arid yet fertile region of alluvial sandy soils often banded with substrates of clay, gravel, and limestone, Cuyo (“country of deserts”) produces more than 80 percent of Argentina's domestic wine on vineyards totaling nearly 395,000 acres making it not only the most prolific grape growing region in Argentina but all of South America. Within Cuyo, Malbec is king in the vineyards of Mendoza situated in the Luján de Cuyo and the Uco Valley in the Andes' foothills between 2,800 and 5,000 feet above sea level.
It all started with wine maker Nicolás Catena Zapata first planting Malbec here in 1994. His success soon elevated Mendoza's international stature attracting celebrity winemakers like Paul Hobbs, Michel Rolland, Roberto Cipresso, and Alberto Antonini. Although the high yielding, pink-skinned Cereza and Criolla Grande that historically dominated Mendoza vineyards still account for nearly quarter of the region's total yield, Malbec is now the most widely planted varietal followed by Bonarda, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, and Tempranillo.
Characterized by a deep ruby red, intense fruity flavors, and soft ripe tannins with a velvety finish, Argentina's Malbec grapes grow in smaller tighter clusters than their French cousins due to wide diurnal fluctuations thanks to daytime summer temperatures often exceeding 104°F and ropping to 50°F at night. Smaller-scale wineries here are innovating beyond their Italian immigrant forebears by easing up on the oak aging unmasking Malbec's countless delicate expressions while producing and blending more extraneous varietals like Barbera, Dolcetto, Freisa, Lambrusco, Nebbiolo, and Raboso.
Can't-Miss Wineries:
Matervini
Only a 20-minute drive from downtown Mendoza, Santiago Achával and Roberto Cipresso formed Matervini in 2008 with a mission to celebrate and promote Malbec's rich complexity. "Sourcing grapes from various regions each reflecting their unique personalities", according to Achaval, "allows us to capture specific attributes from grapes growing in young to old geologies and from alluvial to non-alluvial soil."
When it comes to production, traditional finca viticulture and modern sustainability join forces. Solar panels generate electricity and heat while all organic waste is composted and returned to the vineyards. They give regularly scheduled tours and the on site Mater House accommodates up to eight guests, including one matrimonial suite and two rooms with three beds, making it perfect for family or friend group stays.
The winery itself is a modern architectural masterpiece featuring floor-to-ceiling plate-glass windows, loads of Modernist paintings on the walls, and built-in terraces perfect for drinking in the views accompanied by wine samples. A perfect start would be their Antes Andes Valles Calchaquies Malbec sourced from Rupestre Vineyard in Salta - fresh, full of fruit, and definitive minerality projecting an underlying luscious saltiness. The only way to purchase their lineup outside Argentina is joining their wine club, which features free shipping to the U.S..
Casa de Uco Vineyards and Wine Resort
This resort is completely devoted to winemaking, outfitted with a spa, pool, and seven rooms and nine suites, along with vineyard bungalows, all designed to blend with the topography of surrounding vineyards as far as the eye can see and snow capped Andes in the background that on clear days appear as though merely several blocks away.
For dining, executive chef Pablo Torres created an Uco-Valley-driven yet internationally inspired menu honoring seasonal organic ingredients sourced from onsite gardens and local farmers. Casa de Uco also offers true Argentine cooking experiences in the vineyard over open flames asado style. Perfect pairing opportunities include their El Salvaje 2014 Malbec, fermented with wild yeast and barrel aged more for micro-oxygenation than oaking yielding a wine that's lightly filtered with a more subdued acidity.
Casa de Uco offers a collaborative membership program with partial vineyard ownership and capacity for members to make their very own vine to barrel wine under the guidance of head winemaker Alberto Antonini. "We want to advise wine lovers who may not be wine professionals. Our private vineyard project was created for wine enthusiasts to get hands-on experience making their own wine", says Antonini. "You can choose how much to become involved in the process, from the beginning stages of planting grapes, working alongside expert agronomists and enologists, to designing your personal wine labels and brand."
Olive groves figure just as prominently here as 35 acres of vineyards surround the historic grounds of Club Tapiz Hotel and Restaurant, including a circa 1890 building that was once an old wine cellar and now houses Pour la Galerie salon, featuring corridors flanked by large oak barrels and a magnificent 22-by-four-meter mural by artist Sergio Roggerone, while to the back is their olive oil processing facility and tasting room.
Seven guest rooms with private bathrooms overlook a courtyard to the front while in back, a patio outfitted with an in ground pool and gardens leads to their spa. When it comes to dining, executive chef Soledad Nardelli and her team offer a seasonal farm-to-table menu that's simple and fresh, using their house made olive oil, herbs, and vegetables from their fincas and onsite organic garden in dishes like rabbit in a Sauvignon-Blanc broth and pancetta in a mélange of pumpkin and grapes.
Tasty vintages usher forth from the estate's 500-barrel cellar, like their single-vineyard, single-parcel Tapiz Black Tears Malbec, wherein stone fruit and barrel aging blend well, while the Classic Torrontes is bursting with aromas of lime, jasmine, rose, and orange blossom, prolonged with a refreshingly long finish.
Viña Cobos
Paul Hobbs, founding partner and winemaker of Viña Cobos, is world-renowned in part for his exploration and 
identification of Mendoza's numerous terroirs, establishing himself as a leader in the single-block wine growing concept. The second of 11 children born into a family of upstate New York fruit farmers, Paul Hobbs gained early exposure to the concept of terroir, learning the variations in taste and texture of apples grown on the family’s farms. Armed with a degree in chemistry and a master’s in viticulture and enology from University of California-Davis, Hobbs became one of the winemakers at Robert Mondavi Winery who made Napa Valley famous by improving the region's strength and quality of its wines.
After visiting and falling in love with Mendoza's landscape in 1988, Hobbs once again distinguished himself by putting Malbec on the world stage as Argentina’s signature varietal. 
Sustainable vineyard management at Viña Cobos achieves top-quality, complex, elegant, fruit-yielding wines like Malbec Chanares Estate and Volturno Marchiori Estate, displaying subtlety and balance. After harvesting, grapes maintain their exact identity, with labels of origin enabling staff to accurately assess and realize their potential during production and blending. Fruit handling is done more gently via gravity flow to preserve fruit sugars achieving optimal fermentation. This results in wines with subtle yet powerful fruit expressions enhanced by exacting aging periods in French and American oak.
Patagonia
Thought to be derived from Magellan describing natives who left large tracks (patagones) in the snow with an earlier version of the snowshoe, Patagonia today is a region of glaciers, prime trout fishing, spectacular hiking, and the world's southernmost vineyards ranging from 1,000 to 16,000 feet above sea level. Patagonia's Neuquén region is renowned not only for Pinot Noir grapes used in Argentine sparkling wines but also excellent Chardonnay, Malbec, Semillon, and Torrontés Riojano. More recently, Cabernet Franc has gained traction, with hints of red fruit, elegant tannins, and distinct peppery notes. New denominations of origin are still being created here.
Soils typically have more chalk than sand and wines reflect the fruit more than the impact of any winemaking techniques. Shorter summers, colder winters, and a higher day/night temperature amplitude than the rest of Argentina, along with frequent winds, provide exemplary conditions for low yield small bunches of thicker skinned grapes. These factors combined with slow, prolonged berry ripening produce refined intensity, strong character, and definitive aromas.
Can't-Miss Wineries:
Familia Schroeder
An oasis of high-quality vines flourishes in Bodega Familia Schroeder's arid rocky soil thanks to generous ice melt water irrigated from three rivers. Established in 2001, their 346 acres of vineyards produce Malbec, Pinot Noir, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, and Torrontés aged in 70-percent French/30-percent American oak barrels. Now on display in the winery's basement, panamericansaurus schroederi dinosaur fossils unearthed during construction also serve as branding for Familia Schroeder's Saurus and Saurus Select wines.
Facing southwest in the direction of the region's strongest winds, the winery's aerodynamic roof simulates an airplane wing, minimizing wind friction while providing near constant shade for the winery's reception area. The entire operation's avant-garde architecture is also built into the side of a slope on five levels, accommodating each stage of the winemaking process utilizing gravity, which not only makes it environmentally friendly - requiring fewer pumps - but results in finer quality wine.
Vintages to look for here - especially when paired with dishes prepared in their onsite restaurant - include the well structured, fresh and fruity Alpataco Cabernet Sauvignon; the Familia Schroeder Blend 2011, showcasing a complex mouth feel tempered with delicate tannins; and their plummy punch Saurus Barrel Fermented Malbec 2016, using handpicked grapes aged for eight months in custom toasted 60-percent American/40-percent French oak barrels.
Bodega del Rio Elorza
The Del Río Elorza family purchased this nearly 100-acre estate in the province of Río Negro in 2001 but it had been first planted with vines at the turn of the 20th century. Starting in 2004, international winemaking consultant Hans Vinding-Diers teamed up with agronomical engineer Marcelo Casazza and enologist Agustín Ezequiel Lombroni to focus only on varietals best suited to Patagonia's climate, as well as the estate's deep clay loam soils.
First the abandoned vines planted nearly 100 years ago were recovered and then new specially selected Malbec, Pinot Noir, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, and Chardonnay clones were planted at high density (5,500 vines per hectare). Next came more efficient automatic drip irrigation, along with a sprinkler system, to protect vines from frost. Cold winters and dry summers produce grapes that slowly and continuously ripen reaching delectable balances of sugar and acidity particularly as exemplified in their 2016 Chardonnay, aged in steel sans malolactic fermentation.
Winemaker Agustín Ezequiel Lombroni says it's all about bringing the vineyard to the glass: “I like wines undressed
, without the makeup and not serving the tastes of the market.” Describing his rich, peppery 2016 Cabernet Franc, Lombroni is quick to point out that its minerality reflects the process of how the grape grows rather than any particular geographical striations that may comprise the soil.
Owned by the Viola and Eurnekian families outside Neuquén in San Patricio del Chañar, this winery capitalizes on specific grape varietals best suited to each micro terroir they're sourced from. Malma's extremely efficient wine making technology enables a 1,800,000-liter annual production, which is remarkable considering their relatively modest operation. The onsite Malma Restaurant and Casa Malma lodgings are perfect for hanging your hat awhile to sample:
Malma Family Reserve Malbec 2015 - An intense purplish-red hue reveals blackberry aromas with soft violet notes. It's light on the palate at first, then growing in intensity, with ripe fruit and prunes plus hints of spices and vanilla that linger on the palate.
Malma Family Reserve Pinot Noir 2013 - This intense ruby red is structurally complex, offering a delicate bouquet of berries, marmalade, and coconut, building into a well structured mouth feel and elegantly smooth finish. The good news here is that this level of sophistication still has eight to 10 years of aging potential.
Malma Universo Blend 2012 - Aging in French oak gives this Malbec/Cabernet Sauvignon blend subtle hints of vanilla, nicely enriching the ripe plum and spicy black cherry on your palate.
Coverage made possible by participating in a sponsored visit. Photos: Wines of Argentina, Argentinawinehotels.com, Matervini, Casa de Uco, Bodega Tapiz, Vina Cobos, Familia Schroeder, Bodega del Rio Elorza, Malma, Steve Mirsky.
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